Around 200 BCE Jews lived as an autonomous people in the Land of Israel (Judea) which at that time was controlled by Syria. The Jewish people paid taxes to Syria and accepted its legal authority, and they were free to follow their own faith, maintain their own jobs, and engage in trade. By 175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanesascended to the Syrian throne. Under his reign, the Temple in Jerusalem was looted, Jews were massacred, and Judaism outlawed. In 167 BCE Antiochus ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple.

Antiochus' actions provoked a large-scale revolt. Mattathias, a Jewish priest, and his five sons Jochanan, Simeon, Eleazar, Yonatan, and Judah led a rebellion against Antiochus. Judah became known as Yehuda HaMachabi ("Judah the Hammer"). By 166 BCE Mattathias had died, and Judah took his place as leader. By 165 BCE the Jewish revolt against the Syrian monarchy was successful. The Temple was liberated and rededicated. The festival of Hanukkah was instituted by Judah Maccabeeand his brothers to celebrate this event. After recovering Jerusalem and the Temple, Judah ordered the Temple to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made. According to the Talmud, olive oil was needed for the menorah in the Temple, which was required to burn throughout the night every night. But there was only enough oil to burn for one day, yet miraculously, it burned for eight days, the time needed to prepare a fresh supply of oil for the menorah. An eight day festival was declared by the Jewish sages to commemorate this miracle.

Chanukah, the festival of lights, is a Rabbinic clebration that begins on 25 Kislev (in November or December). Chanukah celebrates the miracle of the oil in the Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees’ defeat of the Greek army as well as the Jew’s freedom in the current time. Chanukah is not mentioned in the Hebrew Scripture but is related in the book of Maccabbees, which Jews do not accept as scripture. The only religious observance related to the holiday is the lighting of candles. The candles are arranged in a chanukiah that holds nine candles: one for each night, plus a shamus (servant) at a different height. It is traditional to eat fried foods, such as latkes (potato pancakes), on Chanukah because of the significance of oil to the holiday. Gift-giving is not a traditional part of the holiday, but has been added in places where Jews have a lot of contact with Christians, as a way of dealing with our children's jealousy of their Christian friends. It is extremely unusual for Jews to give Chanukah gifts to anyone other than their own young children. The only traditional gift of the holiday is gelt, small amounts of money (often chocolate coins). Another tradition of the holiday is playing dreidel, a gambling game played with a square top. Most people play for matchsticks, pennies, M&Ms or gelt.

Chanukah candles are placed in the chanukiah from right to left. On each night, the left-most  (newest) candle is lit first. On Shabbos, the Chanukah candles are lit before the Shabbos candles. The chanukiah should be placed outside the door opposite the mezuzah or in a window in order to proclaim the miracle of Chanukah which demonstrated the omnipotence of G-d. The candles are lit before the blessings are read.

Additional Information: How To Light Chanukah Candles :: Chanukah :: Celebration of Chanukah :: Chanukah :: Hanukkah: Rekindling the Internal Light :: Chanukah

Family Activities: Chanukah Decoder Puzzle :: Chanukah Word Puzzle:: Dreidle Game :: Tzivos HaShem: Chanukah :: Family: Chanukah

Sources: Chanukah: The Holiday of Lights | Chanukah | Chanukah | Hanukkah

Hebrew Words
Chanukah Hebrew A celebration of the miracle of the oil in the Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees’ defeat of the Greek army

Frum Yiddish Religious, devout

Kallah HaTorah Hebrew [lit. Bride of Torah] The person given the aliyah that completes the reading of the Torah anew on Simchat Torah

Tachrichin Hebrew Burial shrouds

Yeriah Hebrew Sheet of parchment

"[A] campaign encouraging one million Jewish women to experience a weekly moment of inner peace through the ancient practice of lighting Shabbat candles. "

"The Israel Guide Dog Center for the Blind began operations on January 1, 1991 with just one objective -- to help blind people in Israel to achieve independence and mobility through the use of guide dogs. "

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